900000000000509007: United States of America English language reference set (foundation metadata concept)

concepto de SNOMED CT\componente del modelo de SNOMED CT\concepto de metadato fundacional (metadato fundacional)\conjunto de referencias\conjunto de referencias de lenguaje\conjunto de referencias de lenguaje para el idioma inglés\conjunto de referencias de idioma inglés de acuerdo con la ortografía de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (metadato fundacional)

Status: current, estado de definición de concepto necesario pero no suficiente (metadato del núcleo). Date: 31-Jan 2002. Module: módulo identificador para componentes del modelo de SNOMED CT (metadato del núcleo)

Descriptions:

Expanded Value Set

Outbound Relationships	Type	Target	Active	Characteristic	Refinability	Group	Values
conjunto de referencias de idioma inglés de acuerdo con la ortografía de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (metadato fundacional)	es un[a]	conjunto de referencias de lenguaje para el idioma inglés	true	relación inferida	restricción existencial (metadato del núcleo)

Members	acceptabilityId
A rare subtype of Joubert syndrome (JS) and related disorders (JSRD) characterized by the neurological features of JS associated with both renal and ocular disease.	preferido
A rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities characterized by clonal proliferation of poorly differentiated myeloid blasts in the bone marrow, blood, or other tissues in patients who present the t(6;9)(p23;q34) translocation. Frequently associated with multilineage bone marrow dysplasia, it usually presents with anemia, thrombocytopenia (often pancytopenia), and other nonspecific symptoms related to ineffective hematopoesis (fatigue, bleeding and bruising, recurrent infections, bone pain) and/or extramedullary site involvement (gingivitis, splenomegaly). Basophilia, as well as poor response to chemotherapy, has been reported.	preferido
A rare subtype of autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2, characterized by adolescent to adulthood-onset of symmetrical, slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy (with a predominant weakness of the distal lower limbs) associated with reduced or absent deep tendon reflexes, pes cavus and mild to moderated deep sensory impairment.	preferido
A rare subtype of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type 1 (ADCA type 1) characterized by the onset in infancy of cerebellar ataxia, neonatal hypotonia (in some), mild developmental delay and, in later life, intellectual disability. Less common features include dysarthria, dysmetria and dysmorphic facial features (long face, bulbous nose long philtrum, thick lower lip and pointed chin).	preferido
A rare subtype of autosomal dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease characterized by debilitating neuropathic pain associated with mild, distal, symmetrical lower limb sensory loss and mild or absent motor dysfunction. Patients typically manifest with burning, aching, shooting, or throbbing pain and intermittent paresthesia in toes, heels and ankles.	preferido
A rare subtype of autosomal dominant limb girdle muscular dystrophy characterized by an adult onset of proximal shoulder and hip girdle weakness (that later progresses to include distal weakness), nasal speech and dysarthria. Other frequent findings include tightened heel cords, reduced deep-tendon reflexes and elevated creatine kinase serum levels. Respiratory failure, as well as mild facial weakness and dysphagia, may also be observed.	preferido
A rare subtype of autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, with a variable age of onset, characterized by progressive, proximal weakness and wasting of the shoulder and pelvic musculature (with the pelvic girdle, and especially the ileopsoas muscle, being more affected) and frequent association of calf hypertrophy, dysphagia, arachnodactyly with or without finger contractures and/or distal and axial muscle involvement. Additional features include an abnormal gait, exercise intolerance, myalgia, fatigue and respiratory insufficiency. Cardiac conduction defects are typically not observed.	preferido
A rare subtype of autosomal recessive intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease characterized by a CMT neuropathy associated with developmental delay, self-abusive behavior, dysmorphic features and vestibular Schwannoma. Motor nerve conduction velocities demonstrate features of both demyelinating and axonal pathology.	preferido
A rare subtype of autosomal recessive intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease characterized by childhood to adulthood-onset of progressive, moderate to severe, predominantly distal, mostly lower limb muscle weakness and atrophy, foot deformities (including pes cavus and hammer toes), absent deep tendon reflexes and distal sensory loss associated with decreased motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities and features of both demyelinating and axonal neuropathy on sural nerve biopsy.	preferido
A rare subtype of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy characterized by atrioventricular block resulting in repeated syncope episodes, elevated creatine kinase serum levels and adult-onset of slowly progressive proximal limb skeletal muscle weakness and atrophy. Muscular dystrophic changes observed in muscle biopsy include diameter variability, increased central nuclei, and presence of necrotic and regenerating fibers.	preferido
A rare subtype of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy disorder characterized by infantile to childhood-onset of slowly progressive, principally proximal, shoulder and/or pelvic-girdle muscular weakness that typically presents with positive Gowers' sign and is associated with elevated creatine kinase levels, hyporeflexia, joint and achilles tendon contractures, and muscle hypertrophy, usually of the thighs, calves and/or tongue. Other highly variable features include cerebellar, cardiac and ocular abnormalities.	preferido
A rare subtype of axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by distal muscle weakness and atrophy (principally of peroneal muscles) associated with distal sensory loss (tactile, vibration), pes cavus present since infancy or childhood, and axonal swelling with neurofilament accumulation on nerve biopsy. Other features may include hand muscle involvement, hypo/areflexia, gait disturbances, muscle cramps, toe abnormalities and mild cardiomyopathy.	preferido
A rare subtype of axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy of both the lower and upper limbs, absent or reduced deep tendon reflexes, mild sensory loss, foot drop, and pes cavus leading eventually to wheelchair dependance. Some patients present with early hypotonia and delayed motor development. Scoliosis and variable autonomic disturbances may be associated.	preferido
A rare subtype of hemochromatosis characterized by the combination of pathogenic variants in two genes involved in iron metabolism (usually a combination of HFE and non-HFE mutations), where the classical HFE-related hemochromatosis is not enough to fully explain the clinical picture of the patient.	preferido
A rare subtype of indolent systemic mastocytosis characterized by isolated bone marrow involvement without skin lesions, low burden of neoplastic mast cells, and often normal or near normal serum tryptase levels. The KIT D816V mutation is present in the majority of cases.	preferido
A rare subtype of kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome characterized by congenital muscle hypotonia, congenital or early-onset kyphoscoliosis (progressive or non-progressive), and generalized joint hypermobility with dislocations/subluxations (in particular of the shoulders, hips, and knees). Additional common features are skin hyperextensibility, easy bruising of the skin, rupture/aneurysm of a medium-sized artery, osteopenia/osteoporosis, blue sclerae, umbilical or inguinal hernia, chest deformity, marfanoid habitus, talipes equinovarus, and refractive errors. Subtype-specific manifestations include congenital hearing impairment (sensorineural, conductive, or mixed), follicular hyperkeratosis, muscle atrophy, and bladder diverticula. Molecular testing is obligatory to confirm the diagnosis.	preferido
A rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma, occurring in the context of end-stage kidney disease and acquired cystic kidney disease, characterized by a usually well circumscribed, solid, multifocal, bilateral tumor with inter- or intracellular microlumen formation (leading to cribiform architecture). Tumors are often diagnosed incidentally in early stages, although complications caused by renal cysts (dull flank or abdominal pain, fever) or renal parenchymal bleeding may mask the underlying neoplastic process. Most have an indolent behavior.	preferido
A rare subtype of split cord malformation characterized by each hemicord contained in its own dural sac, typically with an intervening bony septum.	preferido
A rare superficial pemphigus disease characterized by severe intractable pruritus with erythematous or urticarial plaques and sometimes vesicles organized in a herpetiform pattern. Mucosae are generally spared. Eosinophilia in peripheral blood and low titers of circulating autoantibodies are observed in many cases. Histology can show an aspect of either pemphigus (superficial or deep), or an intraepidermal infiltrate rich in eosinophils (eosinophilic spongiosis).	preferido
A rare syndrome characterized by a combination of distal limb abnormalities (syndactyly of all fingers and toes, preaxial polydactyly in the feet and/or hands) and upper sternum malformations.	preferido
A rare syndrome characterized by an arthrogryposis-like hand anomaly and sensorineural deafness. It has been described in only one family. Male-to-male transmission was observed.	preferido
A rare syndrome characterized by congenital ptosis and posterior fusion of the lumbosacral vertebrae. It has been described in a mother and her two daughters.	preferido
A rare syndrome characterized by gingival fibromatosis associated with progressive sensorineural hearing loss. It has been described in two families (with at least 16 affected members spanning five generations in one of the families, and five affected members spanning three generations in the other family). It is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait.	preferido
A rare syndrome characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis in combination with significant hypomagnesemia and low urinary calcium excretion.	preferido
A rare syndrome characterized by mesomelic shortening and bowing of the limbs, camptodactyly, skin dimpling and cleft palate with retrognathia and mandibular hypoplasia. It has been described in a brother and sister born to consanguineous parents. Transmission is autosomal recessive.	preferido
A rare syndrome characterized by neonatal blisters and milia (small white papules, especially on the face) and congenital absence of dermatoglyphics on the hands and feet. It has been reported in two kindreds (one of which contained 13 affected individuals spanning three generations) and in an unrelated individual. Some affected patients also showed bilateral partial flexion contractures of the fingers and toes, and webbing of the toes. The syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	preferido
A rare syndrome characterized by severe reduction or absence of the fibula and complex brachydactyly. Less than 30 cases have been described in the literature so far. The syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and is caused by mutations in the cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-1 gene (GDF5).	preferido
A rare syndrome characterized by sparse hair, osteopenia, intellectual disability, minor facial abnormalities, joint laxity and hypotonia. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1992.	preferido
A rare syndrome characterized by the association of blepharophimosis and ptosis, V-esotropia, and weakness of extraocular and frontal muscles with syndactyly of the toes, short stature, prognathism, and hypertrophy and fusion of the eyebrows.	preferido
A rare syndrome described and characterized by prenatal onset of growth deficiency, microcephaly, hypoplastic genitalia, and birth onset of convulsions.	preferido
A rare syndrome described in three members of a family (a boy, his father, and his paternal grandmother) that is characterized by the association of aniridia with patella aplasia or hypoplasia. The grandmother also had bilateral cataracts and glaucoma. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1975.	preferido
A rare syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies characterized by radial ray malformations, renal abnormalities (mild malrotation, ectopia, horseshoe kidney, renal hypoplasia, vesico-ureteral reflux, bladder diverticula), and ophthalmological abnormalities (mainly colobomas, but also microphthalmia, ptosis, and Duane anomaly). The phenotype overlaps with other SALL4-related disorders including Okihiro syndrome and Holt-Oram syndrome.	preferido
A rare syndrome with 46,XY disorder of sex development characterized by mild developmental delay and streak gonads associated with short stature, cardiac, renal, musculoskeletal, and ectodermal abnormalities (the latter including scalp defects and unusual hair whorls), and dysmorphic facial features (such as preauricular pits, short columella, and small nares). There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1980.	preferido
A rare syndrome with 46,XY disorder of sex development characterized by variable degrees of intellectual disability, short stature, severe genital anomalies resulting in sexual ambiguity (such as pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias and persistence of Müllerian structures), and ocular anomalies (microphthalmia, coloboma). Craniofacial peculiarities (coarse features, deep set eyes), spina bifida, imperforate anus, and sensorineural hearing loss were also described. No new cases have been reported since 1994.	preferido
A rare syndrome with a central nervous system malformation as a major feature characterized by macrocephaly, megalencephaly, bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria, variable degrees of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, developmental delay and intellectual disability, oromotor dysfunction, hypotonia, seizures, and dysmorphic facial features (such as frontal bossing, low-set ears, a flat nasal bridge, and high-arched palate). Postaxial polydactyly of one or more extremities is also common.	preferido
A rare syndrome with combined immunodeficiency characterized by a variable clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic individuals to potentially life-threatening, recurrent bacterial infections associated with progressive loss of serum immunoglobulins and B cells.	preferido
A rare syndrome with combined immunodeficiency characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, chronic neutropenia, and natural killer (NK) cell deficiency due to a defect in DNA replication leading to blockade of immune cell differentiation in the bone marrow, particularly affecting NK cells. Other clinical features include recurrent viral and bacterial infections and eczema, as well as mild facial dysmorphism.	preferido
A rare syndrome with combined immunodeficiency characterized by mild developmental delay, learning disability, failure to thrive, short stature, immunodeficiency leading to recurrent respiratory and skin infections, leukoencephalopathy, and hypohomocysteinemia. Additional clinical features may include heart defects.	preferido
A rare syndrome with combined immunodeficiency characterized by the association of severe hypogammaglobulinemia, combined T and B cell immunodeficiency, absent lymph node germinal centers, absent tissue plasma cells and hepatic veno-occlusive disease.	preferido
A rare syndrome with limb malformations as a major feature characterized by congenital scalp defects and postaxial polydactyly type A. There is a wide variability of expression, with some patients showing only one of the typical manifestations. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1985.	preferido
A rare syndromic X-linked intellectual disability characterized by cognitive impairment, behavioral and psychiatric problems, obesity, recurrent infections, atopic diseases, and distinctive facial features in males. Females are clinically asymptomatic or mildly affected, presenting mild learning difficulties and facial dysmorphism.	preferido
A rare syndromic agammaglobulinemia characterized by profound B-cell depletion (with normal T-cell numbers) resulting in agammaglobulinemia, associated with severe developmental delay, microcephaly, craniosynostosis, cleft palate, narrowing of the choanae, blepharophimosis, and severe dermatitis. Additional reported features include distal joint contractures, renal/genitourinary anomalies, and mild cerebral atrophy, among others.	preferido
A rare syndromic cardiac disease characterized by communicating hydrocephalus, endocardial fibroelastosis, and congenital cataracts. A history of upper respiratory infection in the mother during the first trimester of pregnancy and polyhydramnios in the third trimester has been associated. No evidence of toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, syphilis, and galactosemia is reported. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1995.	preferido
A rare syndromic central nervous system malformation characterized by the association of conotruncal heart defects, myelomeningocele and craniofacial dysmorphism similar to that seen in monosomy 22q11.	preferido
A rare syndromic cerebellar ataxia characterized by hypodontia and sparse hair in combination with cerebellar ataxia and normal intelligence. Imaging demonstrates a cerebellar atrophy.	preferido
A rare syndromic chorioretinal dystrophy characterized by childhood onset of mild to severe myopia with microcornea and chorioretinal atrophy, typically associated with telecanthus and posteriorly rotated ears. Other variable features include early-onset cataracts, ectopia lentis, ectopia pupillae and retinal detachment.	preferido
A rare syndromic constitutional thrombocytopenia characterized by thrombocytopenia with increased bleeding tendency (leading to epistaxis, menorrhagia, and petechiae), in combination with myelofibrosis and splenomegaly. Platelets may be abnormally large or small and partly hypo- or agranular, plasma thrombopoietin is elevated, and the number of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow increased. Additional non-hematologic manifestations have been described in some patients, including mild bone abnormalities and facial dysmorphism with large forehead, hypertelorism, deep-set eyes, and wide nostrils.	preferido
A rare syndromic craniosynostosis characterized by premature fusion of multiple or all calvarial sutures (resulting in variable abnormal shape of the head), midface hypoplasia, delayed and ectopic tooth eruption and supernumerary teeth. Associated facial dysmorphism includes proptosis, hypertelorism, beaked nose, and relative prognathism. Variable digital anomalies (e.g. finger and/or toe syndactyly, clinodactyly), short stature, cognitive and/or motor delay, high palate, ear deformity and conductive hearing loss have also been reported.	preferido
A rare syndromic craniosynostosis characterized by prenatal presentation with cloverleaf skull, micromelia and asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia. Radiologic features include short ribs, horizontal roof of the acetabulum with a rounded median prominence and lateral spurs, deformed long bones with broad metaphyses, and absent ossification of the terminal phalanges. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1987.	preferido
A rare syndromic craniosynostosis characterized by sagittal craniosynostosis, hydrocephalus, Chiari I malformation and radioulnar synostosis. Other clinical findings include blepharophimosis, small low-set ears, hypoplastic philtrum, kidney malformation, and hypogenitalism.	preferido
A rare syndromic craniosynostosis malformation syndrome characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, under ossification of the skull with large fontanels, short limbs with absent phalanges, and finger and toe syndactyly. Reported dysmorphic features include a narrow face with small palpebral fissures, small, pointed nose, microstomia, micrognathia, and low-set and posteriorly rotated ears. A posterior encephalocele and other congenital malformations can also be observed.	preferido
A rare syndromic craniosynostosis with variable phenotypic expression characterized by craniosynostosis, intellectual disability, distinctive facies, abnormalities of the fingers and toes (brachydactyly, polydactyly and syndactyly), short stature, congenital heart disease, skeletal defects, obesity, genital abnormalities and umbilical hernia.	preferido
A rare syndromic deafness characterized by renal failure without hematuria, parathyroid hyperplasia and sensorineural deafness. There have been no further reports since 1989.	preferido
A rare syndromic disorder with strabismus with characteristics of congenital non-progressive ophthalmoplegia affecting the oculomotor and/or trochlear nucleus/nerve and their innervated muscles. Patients present with abnormal resting position of the eyes (in most cases infraducted and exotropic), limitation of vertical and horizontal gaze, impaired binocular vision, amblyopia, unilateral or bilateral blepharoptosis, and compensatory abnormal head posture. Extraocular manifestations include intellectual disability, peripheral neuropathy, and skeletal abnormalities among others.	preferido
A rare syndromic endocrine disease characterized by childhood-onset hyperphagia and obesity, alveolar hypoventilation, dysautonomia, hypothalamic dysfunction and neurobehavioral disorders. Central hypothyroidism, endocrine anomalies, electrolyte imbalances and respiratory failure may also be associated.	preferido
A rare syndromic endocrine disease characterized by the association of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and cataracts with onset during adolescence.	preferido
A rare syndromic esophageal malformation characterized by severe congenital brachyesophagus with midline diaphragmatic hernia and secondary intrathoracic stomach, and vertebral anomalies (in particular rachischisis of the cervical/thoracic spine). Additional reported manifestations include intrauterine growth restriction, short neck, intestinal malrotation, herniation of other abdominal organs, and cleft lip, among others. The condition is mostly fatal in the neonatal or early infantile period.	preferido
A rare syndromic form of lissencephaly characterized by severe microcephaly, agyria, agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebellar hypoplasia, facial dysmorphology and epiphyseal stippling of the metacarpal bones. The syndrome may be an allelic variant of Neu-Laxova syndrome and Lissencephaly type III with cystic dilations of the cerebellum and fetal akinesia sequence.	preferido
A rare syndromic frontonasal dysplasia characterized by distinctive facial dysmorphic features including hypertelorism, almond-shaped palpebral fissures, nasal deformity with creased ridge, depressed or absent tip, and asymmetry and partial absence of nasal bones, and downturned corners of the mouth. Additional reported manifestations are limb anomalies (e. g. Poland anomaly, transverse limb agenesis, and anomalies of the hands and feet, such as camptodactyly, oligodactyly, clinodactyly, and syndactyly), frontonasal encephalocele, choanal atresia, congenital renal/cardiac malformations, and corpus callosum agenesis.	preferido
A rare syndromic genetic deafness characterized by congenital hearing loss, atresia or stenosis of the external auditory canal, dilated internal auditory canal, malformation of the inner ear (incomplete separation of the cochlea basal turn from the fundus of the internal auditory canal), in combination with abnormal auricular shape and facial dysmorphism (including thick eyebrows, ptosis, broad nasal root, and telecanthus). Intelligence is normal and developmental delay is absent.	preferido
A rare syndromic genetic deafness characterized by profound congenital bilateral sensorineural deafness, developmental delay, moderate intellectual disability, generalized delay in bone maturation, short stature, epiphyseal dysplasia particularly of the capital femoral epiphyses, and mild dysmorphic facial features such as prominent forehead and small, pointed chin. Bilateral obstruction of lacrimal ducts and inguinal and umbilical hernias have also been described.	preferido
A rare syndromic intellectual deficiency characterized by psychomotor delay, severe progressive spastic quadriplegia, microcephaly, and a Hallermann-Streiff-like phenotype including absence of eyebrows and eyelashes, glaucoma, and small, beaked nose. Structural central nervous system abnormalities (cervical spinal cyst, occipital cranium bifidum occulatum) were additional findings. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1974.	preferido
A rare syndromic intellectual disability characterized by developmental delay and intellectual disability, learning and behavioral problems, short stature, thin and sparse hair, mild dysmorphic features, tapering fingers and later onset of scoliosis, obesity and cardiovascular problems (cardiomegaly and cardiomyopathy). Females have normal intelligence.	preferido
A rare syndromic intellectual disability characterized by global developmental delay, gastrointestinal problems, hypotonia, delayed speech, behavioral and sleep problems, pain insensitivity, seizures, structural brain anomalies, dysmorphic features, visual problems, early tooth eruption and autistic features.	preferido
A rare syndromic intellectual disability characterized by intellectual deficit, short stature, obesity, genital abnormalities, and hand and/or toe contractures. The patients also present with generalized osteoporosis and a history of frequent fractures. This syndrome is similar to Prader-Willi syndrome, but the hand contractures and osteoporosis, together with the lack of hypotonia, indicate this is a different entity.	preferido
A rare syndromic intellectual disability characterized by severe intellectual disability and calcification of the choroid plexus, associated with elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration. Additional signs and symptoms include strabismus, increased deep tendon reflexes, and foot deformities, among others. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1993.	preferido
A rare syndromic intellectual disability without congenital anomalies/specific dysmorphic phenotype characterized by delayed psychomotor development, severe intellectual disability, delayed or absent speech development, hypotonia, ataxic gait and feeding difficulties. Clinical symptoms are evident from early infancy. Majority of the patients also present with behavioral abnormalities (including autistic features, aggressive behavior, low frustration tolerance, and stereotypies such as hand-flapping). Additional clinical features may include inability to walk, seizures, hearing loss, sleep abnormalities, joint hyperlaxity. Nonspecific dysmorphic facial features (small head, strabismus, epicanthal folds, synophrys, high palate, low-set ears, orofacial hypotonia, full eyelids, and eversion of the lower lip) may also be present.	preferido
A rare syndromic intestinal malformation characterized by the association of marfanoid features (including marfanoid habitus, severe myopia, retinal detachment, and mitral valve prolapse) with visceral diverticula (inguinal and/or femoral hernia and diverticula of the large and small bowel or urinary bladder). Some patients also had diaphragmatic eventration. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1996.	preferido
A rare syndromic intestinal malformation characterized by ulcer formation in the umbilical cord associated with congenital upper-intestinal atresia, typically presenting with intra-uterine hemorrhaging from the ulcer site and subsequent fetal bradycardia.	preferido
A rare syndromic microphthalmia characterized by bilateral, usually asymmetrical, microphthalmia associated typically with a unilateral coloboma, truncal obesity, borderline to mild intellectual disability, hypogenitalism and, more variably, nystagmus, cataracts and developmental delay.	preferido
A rare syndromic mitochondrial disease characterized by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, dyserythropoietic anemia, and calvarial hyperostosis.	preferido
A rare syndromic neurological disorder characterized by the association of Möbius syndrome (congenital facial palsy with impaired ocular abduction) with peripheral axonal neuropathy and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. There have been no further reports since 1996.	preferido
A rare syndromic obesity characterized by early-onset severe obesity, hyperphagia and global developmental delay with specific impairment of short term memory and language delay. Patients may represent moderate intellectual disability, stereotyped behaviors, autistic features, impaired nociception, hypotonia and seizures. Facial asymmetry and streak ovaries were also reported in a few cases.	preferido
A rare syndromic optic nerve hypoplasia with characteristics of coloboma, osteopetrosis (particularly of the anterior ribs and femoral heads), severe microphthalmia, macrocephaly, albinism, and profound congenital deafness. Patients may also have additional eye anomalies including microcornea with pannus, dense bilateral cataracts, and translucent irides. Craniofacial dysmorphism (including frontal bossing, shallow orbits, preauricular pits, posteriorly rotated ears, micrognathia and wide palatine ridges) is also reported.	preferido
A rare syndromic osteochondrodysplasia characterized by progressive mesomelia and bony fusions in the extremities, distinctive facial gestalt, and soft palate anomalies.	preferido
A rare syndromic primary bone dysplasia characterized by short ribs with a narrow chest and thoracic dysplasia, mild rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, communicating hydrocephalus, and developmental delay. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1987.	preferido
A rare syndromic renal disorder characterized by renal, neurologic and thyroid disease, associated with thrombocytopenia. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1978.	preferido
A rare syndromic retinitis pigmentosa characterized by pigmentary retinopathy, diabetes mellitus with hyperinsulinism, acanthosis nigricans, secondary cataracts, neurogenic deafness, short stature mild hypogonadism in males and polycystic ovaries with oligomenorrhea in females. Inheritance is thought to be autosomal recessive. It can be distinguished from Alstrom syndrome by the presence of intellectual disability and the absence of renal insufficiency. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1993.	preferido
A rare syndromic type of cerebral malformation characterized by aprosencephaly (absence of telencephalon and diencephalon), oculo-facial anomalies (i.e. ocular hypotelorism or cyclopia, malformation/absence of nasal structures, cleft lip), preaxial limb defects (i.e. hypoplastic hands, absent halluces) and various other anomalies including ambiguous genitalia, imperforate anus, and vertebral anomalies. The syndrome is thought to have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.	preferido
A rare syndromic, genetic cataract characterized by the association of congenital cataract and microcornea without any other systemic anomaly or dysmorphism. Clinical findings include a decreased corneal diameter (inferior to 10 mm) in both meridians in an otherwise normal eye, and an inherited cataract, which is mostly bilateral posterior polar with opacification in the lens periphery that progresses to form a total cataract after visual maturity has been achieved. Association with other ocular manifestations, including myopia, iris coloboma, sclerocornea and Peters anomaly may be observed.	preferido
A rare syndromic, inherited form of sideroblastic anemia characterized by mild to moderate anemia (with hypochromia and microcytosis) and early-onset, non- or slowly progressive spinocerebellar ataxia.	preferido
A rare systemic autoimmune disease characterized by infiltrates of IgG4-positive plasma cells and lymphocytes in the adventitia of the aorta, resulting in thickening of perivascular tissue or formation of soft tissue masses surrounding the aorta and its major branches (potentially complicated by inflammatory aortic aneurysm), associated with elevated serum IgG4 levels. Preferential location is the infra-renal portion of the abdominal aorta. In addition, medium-sized blood vessels can be involved, and the condition may occur together with IgG4-related disease in other parts of the body. Clinical symptoms are unspecific and include chest or back pain and fever.	preferido
A rare systemic condition affecting neonates born at less than 37 weeks gestational age and characterized by life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to an infection, which may have been acquired shortly before or during birth (resulting in early-onset neonatal sepsis during the first 72 hours of life), or after birth (leading to late-onset neonatal sepsis between 72 hours and three months). Prematurity constitutes one of the primary risk factors for neonatal sepsis. The clinical picture may develop gradually with signs and symptoms like irritability, lethargy, or poor feeding, or progress rapidly to respiratory distress, fever, hypothermia, hypotension, shock, and multiple organ failure.	preferido
A rare systemic condition affecting patients undergoing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and characterized by a systemic inflammatory response due to massive activation of leukocytes with subsequent cytokine release. It can present with a variety of signs and symptoms ranging from mild, flu-like symptoms (such as fever, fatigue, headache, rash, arthralgia, and myalgia) to severe life-threatening manifestations including vascular leakage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock, and multiple organ failure. Respiratory manifestations are common and range from cough and tachypnea to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).	preferido
A rare systemic disease characterized by a neonatal progeroid appearance (not associated with other manifestations of premature aging) associated with facial dysmorphism (e.g. macrocephaly or arrested hydrocephaly, proptosis, downslanting palpebral fissures, retrognathia), generalized, extreme, congenital lack of subcutaneous fat tissue (except in the breast and iliac region) and incomplete signs of Marfan syndrome (mainly severe myopia, joint hyperextensibility and arachnodactyly). Metabolic disturbances are not associated.	preferido
A rare systemic disease characterized by acute or subacute onset of thrombocytopenia, anasarca (edema, pleural effusion, ascites), and systemic inflammation (fever and/or elevated C-reactive protein). Minor diagnostic categories are Castleman's disease-like features on lymph node biopsy, reticulin myelofibrosis and/or increased number of megakaryocytes in bone marrow, progressive renal insufficiency, and mild organomegaly including hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Most patients show elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, while marked polyclonal hypergammopathy is rare.	preferido
A rare systemic disease characterized by congenital multiple contractures, characteristic craniofacial features (like large fontanel, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, blue sclerae, ear deformities, high palate) evident at birth or in early infancy, and characteristic cutaneous features like skin hyperextensibility, skin fragility with atrophic scars, easy bruising, and increased palmar wrinkling. Additional features include recurrent/chronic dislocations, chest and spinal deformities, peculiarly shaped fingers, colonic diverticula, pneumothorax, and urogenital and ophthalmological abnormalities, among others. Molecular testing is obligatory to confirm the diagnosis.	preferido
A rare systemic disease characterized by congenital muscle hypotonia and/or muscle atrophy that improves with age, proximal joint contractures (knee, hip, elbow), and hypermobility of distal joints. Additional features include soft, doughy skin, atrophic scarring, delayed motor development, and myopathic findings in muscle biopsy. Abnormal craniofacial features have been reported in some patients. Molecular testing is obligatory to confirm the diagnosis.	preferido
A rare systemic disease characterized by generalized joint hypermobility with recurrent joint dislocations, redundant and hyperextensible skin with poor wound healing and abnormal scarring, easy bruising, and osteopenia/osteoporosis. Additional manifestations include hypotonia, delayed motor development, foot deformities, prominent superficial veins in the chest region, vascular complications (like mitral valve prolapse and aortic root dilation), hernias, dental anomalies, scoliosis, and facial dysmorphisms (like high palate, micrognathia, narrow palate). Mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive.	preferido
A rare systemic disease characterized by progressive hyalinosis involving capillaries, arterioles and small veins of the digestive tract, kidneys, and retina, associated with idiopathic cerebral calcifications, manifesting with severe diarrhea (with rectal bleeding and malabsorption), nephropathy (with renal failure and systemic hypertension), chorioretinal scarring, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Poikiloderma and premature graying of the hair may be additionally observed.	preferido
A rare systemic disease characterized by the association of the features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with those of osteogenesis imperfecta. Predominant clinical manifestations include generalized joint hypermobility and dislocations, skin hyperextensibility and/or translucency, easy bruising, and invariable association with mild signs of osteogenesis imperfecta, including short stature, blue sclera, and osteopenia or fractures.	preferido
A rare systemic disease for which two subtypes exist, either related to the gene PLOD1 or FKBP22, and for which the clinically overlapping characteristics include congenital muscle hypotonia, congenital or early-onset kyphoscoliosis (progressive or non-progressive), and generalized joint hypermobility with dislocations/subluxations (in particular of the shoulders, hips, and knees). Additional features which may occur in both subtypes are skin hyperextensibility, easy bruising of the skin, rupture/aneurysm of a medium-sized artery, osteopenia/osteoporosis, blue sclerae, umbilical or inguinal hernia, chest deformity, marfanoid habitus, talipes equinovarus, and refractive errors. Gene-specific features, with variable presentation, are additionally observed in each subtype.	preferido
A rare systemic disorder characterized by vitreoretinal and macular degeneration, as well as occipital encephalocele.	preferido
A rare systemic inflammatory disease with characteristics of early onset granulomatous arthritis, uveitis and skin rash. There are familial and sporadic forms of the same disease. The disease is due to an inherited or de novo mutation in the NOD2 gene (16q12), responsible for alterations in the innate immune response, inflammation and cell death.	preferido
A rare systemic or rheumatologic disease characterized by peripheral osteolysis (especially carpal and tarsal bones), interphalangeal joint erosions, subcutaneous fibrocollagenous nodules, facial dysmorphism, and a wide range of associated manifestations.	preferido
A rare temporomandibular joint anomaly characterized by progressive, asymmetrical, non-neoplastic overgrowth of a mandibular condyle. It is unilateral in most cases and leads to progressive facial asymmetry, mandibular deviation, articular dysfunction, and dental malocclusion.	preferido
A rare teratogenic disorder due to acitretin exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy, carrying a risk of fetal malformations of approximately 20%, including central nervous system, craniofacial, ear, thymic, cardiac and limb anomalies.	preferido
A rare teratogenic disorder due to acitretin or etretinate exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy, carrying a risk of fetal malformations of approximately 20%, including central nervous system, craniofacial, ear, thymic, cardiac and limb anomalies.	preferido
A rare teratogenic embryofetopathy due to exposure to isotretinoin, an oral synthetic vitamin A derivative, which is used to treat severe recalcitrant cystic acne. Exposure to isotretinoin during the first trimester of pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortions and severe birth defects including serious craniofacial (microcephaly, asymmetric crying facies, microphthalmia, developmental abnormalities of the external ear, ocular hypertelorism), cardiovascular (conotruncal heart defects, aortic arch abnormalities), and central nervous system (hydrocephalus, microcephaly, lissencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation, cognitive deficit) anomalies and thymic aplasia.	preferido
A rare thoracic malformation characterized by fixation of the scapula to the first rib by a congenitally short costocoracoid ligament, leading to limited rotation or retraction of the scapula, as well as rounding of the shoulders and loss of the anterior clavicular contour. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1989.	preferido
A rare thyroid disease characterized by familial occurrence of thyroid enlargement due to the development of multiple hyperplastic nodules with onset in childhood or adolescence. The condition is commonly associated with the development of other benign or malignant tumors.	preferido

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Reference Sets

Latin American Spanish language reference set

Chile language reference set (foundation metadata concept)

conjunto de referencias descriptivas de la estructura de otros conjuntos de referencias

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Id	Description	Lang	Type	Status	Case?	Module
2911457018	conjunto de referencias de idioma inglés de acuerdo con la ortografía de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica	es	sinónimo (metadato del núcleo)	Active	letras mayúsculas y minúsculas relevantes en todo el término (metadato del núcleo)	Latin American Spanish extension module
2911675011	conjunto de referencias de idioma inglés de acuerdo con la ortografía de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (metadato fundacional)	es	descripción completa	Active	letras mayúsculas y minúsculas relevantes en todo el término (metadato del núcleo)	Latin American Spanish extension module
2911702016	inglés estadounidense	es	sinónimo (metadato del núcleo)	Active	uso de mayúsculas y minúsculas sin relevancia para la totalidad del término (metadato del núcleo)	Latin American Spanish extension module
900000000001115012	United States of America English language reference set	en	sinónimo (metadato del núcleo)	Active	letras mayúsculas y minúsculas relevantes en todo el término (metadato del núcleo)	módulo identificador para componentes del modelo de SNOMED CT (metadato del núcleo)
900000000001116013	US English	en	sinónimo (metadato del núcleo)	Active	letras mayúsculas y minúsculas relevantes en todo el término (metadato del núcleo)	módulo identificador para componentes del modelo de SNOMED CT (metadato del núcleo)
900000000001117016	United States of America English language reference set (foundation metadata concept)	en	descripción completa	Active	letras mayúsculas y minúsculas relevantes en todo el término (metadato del núcleo)	módulo identificador para componentes del modelo de SNOMED CT (metadato del núcleo)