900000000000509007: United States of America English language reference set (foundation metadata concept)

concepto de SNOMED CT\componente del modelo de SNOMED CT\concepto de metadato fundacional (metadato fundacional)\conjunto de referencias\conjunto de referencias de lenguaje\conjunto de referencias de lenguaje para el idioma inglés\conjunto de referencias de idioma inglés de acuerdo con la ortografía de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (metadato fundacional)

Status: current, estado de definición de concepto necesario pero no suficiente (metadato del núcleo). Date: 31-Jan 2002. Module: módulo identificador para componentes del modelo de SNOMED CT (metadato del núcleo)

Descriptions:

Expanded Value Set

Outbound Relationships	Type	Target	Active	Characteristic	Refinability	Group	Values
conjunto de referencias de idioma inglés de acuerdo con la ortografía de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (metadato fundacional)	es un[a]	conjunto de referencias de lenguaje para el idioma inglés	true	relación inferida	restricción existencial (metadato del núcleo)

Members	acceptabilityId
A rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability disorder, with highly variable phenotype, typically characterized by mild to severe global development delay, severe speech and language impairment, mild to severe intellectual disability, dysphagia, hypotonia, relative to true macrocephaly, and behavioral problems that may include autistic features, hyperactivity, and mood lability. Facial gestalt typically features a broad, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, ptosis, a short bulbous nose with broad tip, thick vermilion border, wide, and open mouth with downturned corners. Brain, cardiac, urogenital and ocular malformations may be associated.	preferido
A rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability syndrome characterized by severe intellectual disability with limited or absent speech and language, short stature, acquired microcephaly, kyphoscoliosis or scoliosis, and behavioral disturbances that include hyperactivity, stereotypy and aggressiveness. Facial dysmorphism, that typically includes sloping forehead, mild synophrys, deep-set eyes, strabismus, anteverted large ears, prominent nose and dental malposition, is also characteristic.	preferido
A rare, genetic, syndromic intestinal disorder, characterized by congenital onset of severe watery diarrhea containing high concentrations of sodium, hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis, and generally, uni- or bilateral choanal atresia, and corneal erosions. Additional congenital malformations may include intestinal atresia, and hexadactyly.	preferido
A rare, genetic, syndromic rod-cone dystrophy disorder characterized by psychomotor developmental delay from early childhood, intellectual disability, short stature, mild facial dysmorphism (e.g. upslanted palpebral fissures, hypoplastic alae nasi, malar hypoplasia, attached earlobes), excessive dental spacing and malocclusion, juvenile cataract and ophthalmologic findings of atypical retinitis pigmentosa (i.e. salt-and-pepper retinopathy, attenuated retinal arterioles, generalized rod-cone dysfunction, mottled macula, peripapillary sparing of retinal pigment epithelium).	preferido
A rare, genetic, syndromic, sterol biosynthesis disorder affecting males characterized by skin manifestations, including collodion membrane, ichthyosis, and patchy hypo-pigmentary lesions, associated with severe neurological involvement (e.g. intellectual disability, delayed psychomotor development, seizures, hydrocephalus, cerebellar/corpus callosum hypoplasia, Dandy-Walker malformation, hypotonia) and craniofacial dysmorphism (large anterior fontanelle, telecanthus, hypertelorism, microphthalmia, prominent nasal bridge, low-set ears, micrognathia, cleft palate). 2,3 toe syndactyly, polydactyly, and kyphosis, as well as ophthalmic, cardiac and urogenital anomalies may also be associated.	preferido
A rare, genetic, systemic autoimmune disease characterized by failure to thrive, global developmental delay, distinctive craniofacial dysmorphism (relative macrocephaly, dolichocephaly, frontal bossing, orbital proptosis, flattened midface with a prominent occiput, low, posteriorly rotated ears, micrognathia), hepato- and/or splenomegaly, and multisystemic autoimmune disease involving the lungs, liver, gut and/or thyroid gland.	preferido
A rare, genetic, systemic disease characterized by the presence of arterial aneurysms, tortuosity and dissection throughout the arterial tree, associated with early-onset osteoarthritis (predominantly affecting the spine, hands and/or wrists, and knees) and mild craniofacial dysmorphism (including long face, high forehead, flat supraorbital ridges, hypertelorism, malar hypoplasia and, anomalies of the palate and uvula), as well as mild skeletal and cutaneous anomalies. Joint abnormalities, such as osteochondritis dissecans and intervertebral disc degeneration, are frequently associated. Additional cardiovascular anomalies may include mitral valve defects, congenital heart malformations, ventricular hypertrophy and atrial fibrillation.	preferido
A rare, genetic, vascular disease characterized by congenital dysfunction of smooth muscle throughout the body, manifesting with cerebrovascular disease, aortic anomalies, intestinal hypoperistalsis, hypotonic bladder, and pulmonary hypertension. Congenital mid-dilated pupils non-reactive to light associated with a large, persistent patent ductus arteriosus are characteristic hallmarks of the disease.	preferido
A rare, genetic, vascular disorder characterized by severe aneurysmal dilatation, elongation, and tortuosity of the thoracic aorta, its branches and pulmonary arteries with stenosis at various typical locations, typically resulting in infantile demise. Variable associated features may include cutis laxa, long philtrum with thin vermillion border, hypertelorism, sagging cheeks, arachnodactyly, joint laxity and pectus deformities.	preferido
A rare, genetic, vitreoretinal degeneration characterized by a slowly progressive vitreoretinopathy with onset during the second or third decade of life. The disease initially presents as autoimmune uveitis with reduction in the b-wave on electroretinography, and progresses with development of photoreceptor degeneration, vitreous hemorrhage, cystoid macular edema, retinal neovascularization, intraocular fibrosis, secondary glaucoma, and retinal detachment leading to phthisis and complete blindness.	preferido
A rare, hereditary ataxia disorder characterized by the presence of spastic ataxia in association with bilateral congenital cataract, macular corneal dystrophy (stromal with deposition of mucoid material) and nonaxial myopia. Patients present normal intellectual development. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1986.	preferido
A rare, hereditary connective tissue disease characterized by severe ocular manifestations due to extreme corneal thinning and fragility with rupture in the absence of significant trauma, often leading to irreversible blindness. Extraocular manifestations comprise deafness, developmental hip dysplasia, and joint hypermobility.	preferido
A rare, hereditary inborn error of metabolism characterized by an acute onset of encephalopathy in infancy or early childhood. Apart from these episodic acute events, the disorder shows a relatively benign course. Multiple metabolic abnormalities are present, including metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, hypoglycemia, increased serum lactate and alanine.	preferido
A rare, hereditary nephrotic syndrome characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia, with an absence of response to an initial trial of corticosteroids (i.e. steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; SRNS) and a generally complicated course.	preferido
A rare, hereditary primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infection, otitis media, candidiasis, diarrhea, as well as various signs and symptoms of immune dysregulation (hypereosinophilia, eczema, vitiligo, alopecia areata, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pityriasis rubra pilaris). Failure to thrive, moderate lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly have also been reported.	preferido
A rare, hereditary spastic paraplegia that can present as either a pure or complex phenotype. The pure form is characterized by lower limb spasticity, hyperreflexia and extensor plantar responses, presenting in childhood or adolescence. The complex form is characterized by the association with additional manifestations including peripheral neuropathy with upper limb muscle atrophy, moderate intellectual disability and parkinsonism. Deafness and retinitis pigmentosa have also been reported.	preferido
A rare, hereditary, cerebellar ataxia disorder characterized by late-onset spinocerebellar ataxia, manifesting with slowly progressive gait disturbances, dysarthria, limb and truncal ataxia, and smooth-pursuit eye movement disturbance, associated with a history of psychomotor delay from childhood. Mild atrophy of the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres is observed on brain imaging.	preferido
A rare, hereditary, congenital limb malformation characterized by polydactyly with crossed involvement of hands and feet with no other associated malformations or anomalies. Patients present with a combination of unilateral or bilateral preaxial polydactyly of hands with postaxial polydactyly of feet or postaxial polydactyly of hands with preaxial polydactyly of feet. Additional manifestations include bilateral cutaneous syndactyly of first, second and third toes and occasionally cutaneous syndactyly of hands.	preferido
A rare, hereditary, developmental defect with connective tissue involvement characterized by cutis laxa of variable severity, in utero growth restriction, congenital hip dislocation and joint hyperlaxity, wrinkling of the skin, in particular the dorsum of hands and feet, and progeroid facial features. Hypotonia, developmental delay, and intellectual disability are common. In addition, cataracts, corneal clouding, wormian bones, lipodystrophy and osteopenia have been reported.	preferido
A rare, hereditary, familial primary hyperparathyroidism disease characterized by primary hyperparathyroidism due to single or multiple parathyroid tumors in at least two first-degree relatives in the absence of evidence of other endocrine disorders, tumors and/or systemic manifestations.	preferido
A rare, hereditary, hematologic disease characterized by an increase in hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyte mass resulting in plethora or ruddy complexion, headache, dizziness, tinnitus and exertional dyspnea. In some cases, thrombophlebitis and arthralgia have also been reported.	preferido
A rare, hereditary, immune deficiency with skin involvement characterized by early-onset cold urticaria after generalized exposure to cold air or evaporative cooling and not after contact with cold objects. Additional immunologic abnormalities are often present - antibody deficiency, recurrent infections, autoimmune disease and symptomatic allergic disease.	preferido
A rare, hereditary, non-syndromic form of vitreoretinopathy characterized by retinal tears due to abnormal vitreous, and commonly present refractive errors. No other signs or symptoms of Stickler syndrome is present.	preferido
A rare, hereditary, pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma tumor arising from neuroendocrine chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla (pheochromocytoma) or from any paraganglia from the skull base to the pelvic floor (paraganglioma). Clinical manifestations are often linked to excess catecholamines production causing sustained or paroxysmal elevations in blood pressure, headache, episodic profuse sweating, palpitations, pallor and apprehension or anxiety. Hereditary pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma tumors tend to present at younger ages, to be multi-focal, bilateral, and recurrent, or to have multiple synchronous neoplasms.	preferido
A rare, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome characterized by pediatric onset of proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and edema. Patients respond successfully to the initial standard course of corticosteroids but are resistant to standard therapy for a subsequent relapse and following this relapse remain steroid-resistant.	preferido
A rare, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome characterized by the triad of proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and edema in patients who do not respond, or only partially respond, to the initial trial of corticosteroids. Patients may be multidrug resistant or may be sensitive to second-line immunosuppressive therapy.	preferido
A rare, idiopathic skin disease characterized by widespread, congenital, superficial erosions and vesicles (often involving more than 75% of the body) which heal leaving scars with a supple, symmetrical, reticulated pattern, frequently resulting in cicatricial alopecia and hyperthermia and/or hypohidrosis. Nail anomalies, neurodevelopmental and ophthalmologic abnormalities, tongue atrophy and preterm birth, with or without history of chorioamnionitis, are commonly associated.	preferido
A rare, inflammatory eye disease characterized by IgG4-immunopositive lymphocyte and plasmacyte infiltration and collagenous fibrosis of affected tissue and elevated serum levels of IgG4. Clinical presentation includes mass lesion or swelling of the involved structures, commonly involving lacrimal gland and duct, infraorbital and supraorbital nerves, extraocular muscles and orbital soft tissues. A systemic involvement is common.	preferido
A rare, inherited bleeding disorder characterized by defective platelet adhesion and secondary coagulation defect that manifests as abnormal bleeding of variable severity occurring either spontaneously or in association with an invasive procedure. Three main subtypes are defined based on the type of von Willebrand factor defect: partial (type 1) or total (type 3) deficiency, and qualitative/functional anomalies (type 2).	preferido
A rare, inherited cancer-predisposing syndrome characterized by an early development of cutaneous telangiectasia, mild dental and nail anomalies, patchy alopecia over the affected skin areas and increased lifetime risk for oropharyngeal cancer. Other types of cancer have also been reported.	preferido
A rare, inherited disorder characterized by widespread calcifications of basal ganglia and cortex, developmental delay, small stature, retinopathy and microcephaly. The absence of progressive deterioration of the neurological functions is characteristic of the disease.	preferido
A rare, inherited mitochondrial disorder due to a defect in mitochondrial protein synthesis characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, metabolic decompensation with recurrent vomiting, persistent severe lactic acidosis, encephalopathy, seizures, failure to thrive, severe global developmental delay, poor eye contact, severe muscular hypotonia or axial hypotonia with limb hypertonia, hepatomegaly and/or liver dysfunction and/or liver failure, leading to fatal outcome in severe cases. Neuroimaging abnormalities may include corpus callosum thinning, leukodystrophy, delayed myelination and basal ganglia involvement.	preferido
A rare, inherited, epidermolysis bullosa characterized by aplasia cutis congenita on the extremities, leaving behind hypopigmentation and atrophy in a whirled pattern. Generalized blistering persists during childhood and heals with cutaneous and follicular atrophy, linear and stellate scars, and hypopigmentation. Skin fragility decreases with adulthood. Adult patients exhibit dyspigmentation and atrophy of the skin, scars, follicular atrophoderma, sparse body hair, progressive diffuse alopecia of the scalp, diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma, and nail changes. Dilated cardiomyopathy with heart failure complicates the disease course in young adulthood or later and may have lethal outcome. Ultra-structurally, intraepidermal splitting appears at the level of the basal keratinocytes, above the hemidesmosomes.	preferido
A rare, inherited, epidermolysis bullosa simplex characterized by belt-like areas of erythema with multiple vesicles and small blisters at the advancing edge of erythema. The lesions occur on the limbs and trunk and heal with brown pigmentation but no scarring. Extracutaneous involvement is absent. Onset of the disease is usually at birth.	preferido
A rare, inherited, epidermolysis bullosa simplex characterized by generalized severe blistering with widespread congenital absence of skin and pyloric atresia that is usually fatal in infancy. Antenatally, pyloric atresia can manifest with polyhydramnios. If patients survive, they experience life-long skin fragility and nail dystrophy. Additional extracutaneous findings include failure to thrive, anemia, sepsis, intraoral blistering, enamel hypoplasia, urethral stenosis and urologic complications.	preferido
A rare, inherited, epidermolysis bullosa simplex characterized by mild, generalized trauma-induced scale crusts and intermittent blistering, sometimes combined with erosions, recovering with slight scarring and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Clinical symptoms improve with age.	preferido
A rare, inherited, epidermolysis bullosa simplex characterized by mild, predominantly acral, trauma-induced skin fragility, resulting in blisters. Blisters mostly affect the feet, including the dorsal side.	preferido
A rare, inherited, epidermolysis bullosa simplex characterized by neonatal onset of generalized or, less frequently, localized acral blistering. Milia are rare but atrophic scarring and dystrophic nails usually occur, along with focal keratoderma (palms and soles). Severe generalized blistering may cause perinatal death or persist during the entire life. Extracutaneous involvement is common, including anemia, growth retardation, oral cavity abnormalities (blisters and erosions, and caries) and constipation.	preferido
A rare, isolated nail anomaly characterized by brittle, thin, rough, opaque appearing nails with excessive longitudinal ridging. In a less severe form, the nails retain their luster and present with superficial ridging and multiple small geometric pits. In both varieties, superficial scaling of the nail plate and hyperkeratosis of the cuticles, as well as koilonychia and onychoschizia are observed. Any number of nails may be affected, and fingernails are more often affected than toenails. Spontaneous improvement of the condition may occur.	preferido
A rare, isolated nail anomaly characterized by claw-shaped, thick, hyperplastic, hard and hyperpigmented nails, subungual hyperkeratosis, onycholysis and slow nail growth. Variable degree of disease severity has been reported.	preferido
A rare, isolated, congenital, head and neck morphological anomaly characterized by the unilateral hypoplasia/agenesis of the depressor anguli oris muscle, resulting in an asymmetric crying facies in neonatal period/infancy (drooping of one corner of the mouth during crying) while eye closure, nasolabial fold and forehead wrinkling are symmetric. Although isolated in the majority of cases, newborns presenting with this morphological anomaly should be referred for further screening for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and/or other coexisting cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, cervicofacial, respiratory, genitourinary and endocrine anomalies.	preferido
A rare, isolated, non-familial pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma tumor arising from neuroendocrine chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla (pheochromocytoma) or from extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue (paraganglioma). The majority of these tumors are benign and the presenting symptoms are typically caused by the increased catecholamine production of the tumor, including hypertension (often paroxysmal), tachycardia, anxiety and/or excessive sweating.	preferido
A rare, late adult-onset myofibrillar myopathy characterized by progressive distal muscle weakness associated with peripheral neuropathy and hyporeflexia. Ambulation may be lost within a few years.	preferido
A rare, life-threatening developmental defect during embryogenesis characterized by polysyndactyly of fingers and toes as well as complex congenital heart defects (e.g. atrioventricular septal defects, aortic dextroposition, single ventricle, hypo- or hypertrophy of one side of the heart). Additional features may include dysmorphic traits (large fontanel, high forehead, ptosis, hypertelorism, epicanthus, low-set malformed ears, prominent root of the nose, bulbous nose, anteverted nares, long and smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, micrognathism, hirsutism, single transverse crease) nail hypoplasia, phalange agenesis/hypoplasia, flexion contractures, polysplenia, multiple hepatic/renal cysts, atrophic biliary vesicle, ductal plate malformation and genital anomalies (e.g. micropenis, undescended testes, hypoplastic scrotum). The syndrome is usually fatal in utero or in infancy, but survival cases have been reported.	preferido
A rare, life-threatening, congenital, non-syndromic, conotruncal heart malformation disease characterized by absent or severely undeveloped pulmonary valve leaflets (with a restrictive ring of thickened tissue at the place of the pulmonary valve annulus), associated with an intact ventricular septum and a patent ductus arteriosus, manifesting with marked respiratory insufficiency. Additional features include dilated main pulmonary artery (with or without dilatation of pulmonary artery branches), to-and-fro flow at site of the dysplastic pulmonary valve, and systolic pressure gradient across narrowed pulmonary valve. Tricuspid atresia and variable extra-cardiac anomalies (e.g. diaphragmatic hernia or cleft lip/palate), may be present.	preferido
A rare, life-threatening, cutaneous disease characterized by a keratinocytic epidermal nevus presenting thick, hystrix-like, white or brownish hyperkeratosis associated with multiple extracutaneous vascular malformations, including angiodysplasia that involves large-vessel arteriovenous shunts that may be fatal during the neonatal period.	preferido
A rare, life-threatening, genetic coagulation disorder characterized by an increased risk of blood clot formation in several members of a family due to a thrombomodulin gene mutation. Patients may manifest with venous thromboembolic disease, premature myocardial infarction and/or arterial thrombosis.	preferido
A rare, life-threatening, mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome disease characterized by severe, progressive sensorimotor neuropathy associated with corneal ulceration, scarring or anesthesia, acral mutilation, metabolic and immunologic derangement, and hepatopathy (which can manifest with fulminant hepatic failure, a Reye-like syndrome or indolent progression to liver cirrhosis, depending on clinical form involved), present in the Navajo Native American population. Clinical presentation includes failure to thrive, distal limb weakness with reduced sensation, limb contractures with loss of function, areflexia, recurrent metabolic acidosis with intercurrent illness, immunologic anomalies manifesting with severe systemic infections, and sexual infantilism.	preferido
A rare, life-threatening, non-inflammatory vasculopathy characterized by diffuse precipitation of calcium in viscera (mainly in the heart or lungs, but also in the stomach or kidneys) leading to fibrosis and thrombosis, which eventually causes tissue necrosis. Depending on the affected organ, patients may present with dyspnea, cough and respiratory failure or acute heart block and subsequent sudden cardiac death. The disease predominantly affects patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on dialysis.	preferido
A rare, life-threatening, non-inflammatory vasculopathy characterized clinically by progressive and painful skin lesions associated with calcification of cutaneous arterial microvessels. Calciphylaxis predominantly affects patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on dialysis.	preferido
A rare, localized variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome characterized by rapidly progressive bilateral facial nerve palsy, distal paresthesias, and minimal or no motor weakness. Deep tendon reflexes are usually diminished or absent but can be present or even exaggerated in rare cases. CSF analysis may reveal albuminocytologic dissociation. Nerve conduction velocity studies often show demyelinating type of neuropathy, although axonal polyneuropathy has been also described.	preferido
A rare, locally invasive or malignant, urogenital tumor characterized by a gland-forming epithelial neoplasm arising from paratesticular structures, typically manifesting with a palpable scrotal mass, with or without hydrocele, and/or testicular pain.	preferido
A rare, major congenital malformation characterized by complete duplication of the nose resulting in two fully developed noses often associated with choanal atresia, causing respiratory distress and necessitating surgical repair.	preferido
A rare, malignant germ cell tumor that occur in the midline of the body as a result of abnormal germ cell migration during embryogenesis. Clinical manifestations are variable and depend on the location and size of the tumor. Central nervous system tumor might present with headache, visual disturbances, endocrine abnormalities, and signs of increased intracranial pressure. A mediastinal tumor commonly presents with chest pain, dyspnea, cough and fever. Abdominal mass with or without pain, backache and weight loss are common clinical presentations in retroperitoneal tumor.	preferido
A rare, malignant, neoplastic disease characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid and/or lymphoid precursors harboring rearrangements in the PDGFRA gene, in the blood, bone marrow and often other tissues as well (spleen, lymph nodes, skin, etc.). It usually presents as chronic eosinophilic leukemia or, less commonly, as acute myeloid leukemia or T-lymphoblastic leukemia with eosinophilia. Patients usually present with eosinophilia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutrophilia, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, fever, sweating and/or weight loss. Tissue infiltration by eosinophils can manifest with skin rash, erythema, cough, neurological alterations, gastrointestinal symptoms or, rarely, endomyocardial fibrosis and restrictive cardiomyopathy.	preferido
A rare, mild subtype of autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy characterized by a typically adult onset of mild, progressive, proximal weakness of pelvic and shoulder girdle muscles and progressive, permanent finger and toes flexion limitation without flexion contractures. Normal to highly elevated creatine kinase serum levels are observed.	preferido
A rare, mitochondrial DNA maintenance syndrome characterized by early-onset cerebellar ataxia, and variable combination of epilepsy, headache, dysarthria, ophthalmoplegia, peripheral neuropathy, intellectual disability, psychiatric symptoms and movement disorders.	preferido
A rare, mixed autoinflammatory and autoimmune syndrome disorder characterized by recurrent neutrophilic blistering skin lesions, arthralgia, ocular inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, absence of autoantibodies, and mild immunodeficiency manifested by recurrent sinopulmonary infections and deficiency of circulating antibodies. Inflammatory phenotype is not provoked by cold temperatures.	preferido
A rare, mixed neuronal-glial tumor characterized by slow growth and irregular arrangement of neoplastic ganglion cells (large, multipolar dysplastic neurons) within stroma composed of non-neoplastic glial elements. Most commonly it occurs in temporal lobe, but it can be located throughout central nervous system. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the location and include seizures, increased intracranial pressure, cerebellar signs and focal neurologic deficits. Memory disturbances, cranial nerve palsies and psychiatric symptoms have also been reported.	preferido
A rare, mixed, functioning pituitary adenoma characterized by the cosecretion of growth hormone and prolactin, which manifests with signs and symptoms of both acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia.	preferido
A rare, mostly benign, neoplastic disease characterized by a primary tumor of the meninges, usually located intracranially (approximately 90%) but spinal meningiomas occur as well. Clinical symptoms relate to the location of the tumor and may include seizures, focal neurological deficits (sensory-motor or visual symptoms, cranial nerve dysfunction), vascular complications (occlusion of cerebral blood vessels, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism), chronically increased intracranial pressure neurocognitive impairment and/or loss of bladder/anus sphincter control.	preferido
A rare, multiple congenital anomalies syndrome with cardiac involvement as a major feature characterized by QT prolongation, congenital heart defects, syndactyly, facial dysmorphism and neurodevelopmental features. There are three clinical phenotypes recognized, the classical types that present with a prolonged QT interval and either with (TS1) or without (TS2) cutaneous syndactyly of fingers and toes. The atypical form (ATS) causes multi-system health concerns but not necessarily with prolonged QT.	preferido
A rare, multiple congenital anomalies syndrome with intellectual disability commonly characterized by facial dysmorphism (e.g. sagittal craniosynostosis, hypertelorism, strabismus, low-set dysplastic ears, retrognathia or micrognathia, mandibular ankyloses, cleft palate, aplasia uvulae), congenital heart defects (e.g. atrioventricular septal defect, anomalous venous return), genital anomalies (e.g. cryptorchidism, microphallus), as well as growth delay and intellectual disability. In some cases, tracheobronchial anomalies, large joint contractures, syndactyly, rib anomalies and hypoplastic kidneys are reported. Rarely, no cardiac anomaly may be reported.	preferido
A rare, multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism, including microbrachycephaly, sloping forehead, micro/anophthalmia, large ears, prominent nasal root, mild micrognathia, and cleft palate, associated with cerebral palsy with choreoathetoid movements, intellectual disability, dextrocardia and longitudinal folding of plantae pedis. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1992.	preferido
A rare, multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by male, 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, cleft palate, micrognathia, conotruncal heart defects and unspecific skeletal, brain and kidney anomalies.	preferido
A rare, multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by microcephaly, intellectual disability, seizures, and congenital heart defects (e.g. atrial/ventricular septal defect, hypoplastic aortic arch with persistent ductus arteriosus). Additional manifestations include mild hypothyroidism, skeletal abnormalities, micropenis, delayed psychomotor development, dysmorphic facial features (including epicanthus, depressed nasal bridge, prominent antitragus), and pulmonary vascular occlusive disease. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1989.	preferido
A rare, multisystem disorder, characterized by neurogenic arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, renal tubular dysfunction and neonatal cholestasis with low serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity.	preferido
A rare, multisystemic inherited metabolic disease characterized clinically, by a variable spectrum of severity, primarily comprised of psychomotor delay, myopathy and liver dysfunction. Most patients present in infancy, but the onset can be already in utero or in adult age. Hypermethioninemia is frequent, but often absent in infancy. Creatine kinase is elevated in most patients.	preferido
A rare, neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cataracts, hearing loss, cerebellar ataxia, paranoid psychosis and dementia. Neuropathological features are diffuse atrophy of all parts of the brain, chronic diffuse encephalopathy and the presence of extremely thin and almost completely demyelinated cranial nerves.	preferido
A rare, neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, spastic tetraparesis, and cerebellar ataxia resulting from amyloid deposits in the brain. Spasticity with increased deep tendon reflexes and tone are early symptoms, muscular rigidity evolves later. Progressive mental deterioration usually starts with apathy and impaired memory with progression to complete disorientation.	preferido
A rare, neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive dementia and ataxia, widespread cerebral amyloid angiopathy and parenchymal amyloid deposition. Two subtypes have been identified, ABri amyloidosis and ADan amyloidosis.	preferido
A rare, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an early onset of truncal hypotonia, variable forms of seizures, athetosis, severe global developmental delay, intellectual disability and various ophthalmologic abnormalities, including strabismus, nystagmus, optic atrophy and retinal degeneration.	preferido
A rare, non-syndromic uterovaginal malformation characterized by a crescent-shaped, small-sized uterus containing a single horn and fallopian tube associated with a rudimentary second horn (which can be solid or contain a cavity with functioning endometrium and be communicating or non-communicating). Urinary tract anomalies are frequently associated.	preferido
A rare, non-syndromic, congenital esophageal malformation characterized by a second structure with individual lumen and stratified squamous mucosa and muscularis mucosa lying within or adjacent to the true esophagus causing dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, retrosternal pain and respiratory problems (stridor and recurrent pneumonia) and usually presenting in childhood.	preferido
A rare, non-syndromic, congenital, urogenital tract malformation affecting males and characterized by penoscrotal, scrotal or perineal displacement of the urethral meatus, and commonly associated with curvation of the penis. The scrotum might appear bifid in severe cases, and the boy can also have a micropenis.	preferido
A rare, non-syndromic, uterovaginal malformation characterized by variable degrees of cervical aplasia, ranging from complete agenesis to the presence of a cervix with a cervical canal that contains a blind end. Patients typically present primary amenorrhea, cyclical abdominal or pelvic pain, dyspareunia and/or reproductive problems.	preferido
A rare, nonprogressive, neurological disorder marked by intellectual deficit, spasticity and motor retardation associated with characteristic MRI findings of anterior bilateral temporal lobe cysts and multilobar leukoencephalopathy. So far, around 30 cases have been reported in the literature. Onset occurs in the first few months of life. Sensorineural deafness and microcephaly have also been reported. The etiology is unknown but an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance has been suggested.	preferido
A rare, partial autosomal trisomy characterized by a variable phenotype that includes hypotonia, motor delay, mild to severe intellectual disability, seizures, variable cerebral anomalies, finger/toe syndactyly, fifth finger clinodactyly, strabismus, short neck and dysmorphic facial features.	preferido
A rare, patterned dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium characterized by abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin in a butterfly-shaped distribution at the retinal pigment epithelium level. Patients manifest with a slowly progressive loss of vision that often only becomes apparent in old age.	preferido
A rare, patterned dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium characterized by multiple yellowish irregular flecks scattered or interconnected around the macula, simulating what is observed in Stargardt disease, and usually asymptomatic until adulthood when patients present with a slowly progressive loss of vision that often only becomes apparent in old age.	preferido
A rare, patterned dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, of progressive course, characterized by the presence of a bilateral hyperpigmented reticular pattern resembling a fishnet with knots, resulting in a slowly progressive loss of vision that often only becomes apparent in old age. This disorder is sometimes associated with scleral staphyloma, choroidal neovascularization, convergent strabismus, spherophakia with myopia and luxated lenses, and partial atrophy of the iris.	preferido
A rare, potentially fatal, epileptic encephalopathy characterized by explosive-onset of recurrent multifocal and bilateral tonic-clonic seizures following an unspecific febrile illness. The syndrome develops without a clear acute structural, toxic or metabolic cause, in a patient without previous epilepsy. FIRES is a subgroup of new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) and requires a preceding febrile infection as a mandatory feature.	preferido
A rare, potentially fatal, genetic, visceral malformation syndrome characterized by neonatal diabetes, hypoplastic or annular pancreas, duodenal and jejunal atresia, as well as gallbladder aplasia or hypoplasia. Patients typically present intrauterine growth restriction, failure to thrive, malnutrition, intestinal malrotation, malabsorption, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, acholia and infections. Cardiac anomalies may also be associated.	preferido
A rare, primary bone dysplasia characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, pre- and postnatal disproportionate short stature with short, rhizomelic limbs, facial dysmorphism, a short neck and small thorax. Hypotonia, cardiomegaly and global developmental delay have also been associated. Several radiographic findings have been reported, including ribs with cupped ends, platyspondyly, square iliac bones, horizontal and trident acetabula, hypoplastic ischia, and delayed epiphyseal ossification.	preferido
A rare, primary bone dysplasia characterized by mild short stature, rhizomelic shortening of the arms and legs, bowing of long bones with widened and irregular metaphyses, thoracolumbar kyphosis, and metacarpal shortening. A marked improvement of the radiologic skeletal features is typical. Pelger-Huet anomaly (i.e. dumbbell shape bilobed nuclei of neutrophils) is a characteristic hematological feature of this disease.	preferido
A rare, primary bone dysplasia characterized by proportional short stature, early cessation of bone growth, accelerated skeletal maturation, variable presence of early-onset osteoarthritis and osteochondritis dissecans, and normal endocrine evaluation. The variable dysmorphic features include mild to relative macrocephaly, frontal bossing, midfacial hypoplasia, flat nasal bridge, brachydactyly, broad thumbs, and lordosis.	preferido
A rare, primary combined T and B cell immunodeficiency characterized by early-onset of recurrent, invasive viral and bacterial infections associated with T and B cell lymphopenia, functional defects in T and B cells, poor antibody response and thrombocytopenia. Depending on the type of infectious agent, variable clinical manifestations commonly include recurrent pneumonia, bronchiolitis, otitis media, meningoencephalitis, colitis, and diarrhea, leading to fatal multiorgan failure in severe cases.	preferido
A rare, primary immunodeficiency characterized by variable combination of enteropathy, hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent respiratory infections, granulomatous lymphocytic interstitial lung disease, lymphocytic infiltration of non-lymphoid organs (intestine, lung, brain, bone marrow, kidney), autoimmune thrombocytopenia or neutropenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia and lymphadenopathy.	preferido
A rare, pure or complex form of hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by early adulthood onset of slowly progressive lower limb spasticity resulting in gait disturbances, hyperreflexia and extensor plantar responses, urinary urgency and/or incontinence, muscle weakness, decreased vibration sense and mild muscular atrophy in lower extremities. It may be associated with complicating signs, such as sensory neuropathy, ataxia (i.e. mild dysmetria, uncoordinated eye movement) and mild dysphagia.	preferido
A rare, pure or complex form of hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by either a pure spastic paraplegia phenotype, usually presenting in the first or second decade of life, with spastic lower extremities, unsteady spastic gait, hyperreflexia and extensor plantar responses, or as a complicated phenotype with the additional manifestations of distal wasting, saccadic ocular movements, mild cerebellar ataxia and mild, distal, axonal neuropathy.	preferido
A rare, pure or complex form of hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by progressive spastic paraplegia with pyramidal signs in the upper and lower limbs, and decreased vibration sense.	preferido
A rare, pure or complex form of hereditary spastic paraplegia typically characterized by presentation in late adolescence or early adulthood as a pure phenotype of lower limb spasticity with hyperreflexia and extensor plantar responses, as well as mild bladder disturbances and pes cavus. Rarely, it can present as a complex phenotype with additional manifestations including epilepsy, variable peripheral neuropathy and/or memory impairment.	preferido
A rare, pure or complex form of hereditary spastic paraplegia usually characterized by a pure phenotype of a slowly progressive spastic paraplegia associated with urinary incontinence with an onset in mid- to late-adulthood. A complex phenotype, with the additional findings of cognitive impairment, sensorimotor polyneuropathy, ataxia, parkinsonism, and dystonia as well as thin corpus callosum and white matter lesions (seen on brain and spine magnetic resonance imaging), has also been reported.	preferido
A rare, pure or complex form of hereditary spastic paraplegia, with variable phenotype, typically characterized by childhood-onset of minimally progressive, bilateral, mainly symmetric lower limb spasticity and weakness, associated with pes cavus, scoliosis, sphincter disturbances and/or urinary bladder hyperactivity. Rare additional associated manifestations may include mild intellectual disability, axonal motor neuropathy, and seizures.	preferido
A rare, rhizo-mesomelic dysplasia characterized by distinct facial features (flat midface, flat small nose, anteverted nares, low set ears, protuberant eyes, and small mouth with long upper lip), markedly short limbs with relatively normal hands and feet, short ribs with broad metaphyses and small bell-shaped thorax with protuberant abdomen. Vertebral bodies are flat, creating a distinctive pinched appearance in lateral radiographic views. Cleft palate, micrognathia, bifid tongue and brachyclinodactyly with some soft tissue syndactyly have been reported in few patients. It is mostly a neonatally lethal condition. Affected individuals who survive the neonatal period present with severe global developmental delay, severe skeletal dysplasia, high myopia and mild to moderate hearing loss.	preferido
A rare, secondary glomerular disease characterized by proteinuria, dysproteinemias, nephrotic syndrome, and nodular glomerulopathy leading to renal failure, with or without extra-renal manifestations. The renal biopsy shows typical deposits of monoclonal immunoglobulins that do not show a fibrillar organization and are negative for Congo red staining. Associated signs and symptoms depend on the involvement of other organs, liver, heart, nerve fibers, gastrointestinal tract, or skin.	preferido
A rare, secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis characterized by occurring as either initial presentation of a malignant disease or at any stage during chemotherapy. The common associated malignancies are leukemias, B-cell, T-cell or NK-cell lymphomas, and Hodgkin lymphoma. Typical clinical manifestation includes fever, hepatosplenomegaly and cytopenias, combined with specific laboratory findings.	preferido
A rare, secondary, neonatal autoimmune disease characterized by onset of hemolytic anemia in the neonatal period associated with a positive direct antiglobulin test. Hepatosplenomegaly may be associated.	preferido
A rare, severe complication occurring in the third trimester of pregnancy or in early postpartum period bearing a risk for perinatal and maternal mortality and characterized by jaundice, rise of hepatic injuries and evolving to acute liver failure and encephalopathy.	preferido
A rare, severe disorder of urea cycle metabolism typically characterized by either a neonatal onset of severe hyperammonemia that occurs few days after birth and manifests with lethargy, vomiting, hypothermia, seizures, coma and death or a presentation outside the newborn period at any age with (sometimes) milder symptoms of hyperammonemia.	preferido
A rare, severe early-onset neurodegenerative encephalopathy characterized mainly by developmental delay (DD) / developmental regression (DR), epilepsy, cortical atrophy, secondary hypomyelination and thin corpus callosum. Additional features include secondary microcephaly, hypotonia, spasticity, optic atrophy and skeletal anomalies.	preferido

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Reference Sets

Latin American Spanish language reference set

Chile language reference set (foundation metadata concept)

conjunto de referencias descriptivas de la estructura de otros conjuntos de referencias

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Id	Description	Lang	Type	Status	Case?	Module
2911457018	conjunto de referencias de idioma inglés de acuerdo con la ortografía de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica	es	sinónimo (metadato del núcleo)	Active	letras mayúsculas y minúsculas relevantes en todo el término (metadato del núcleo)	Latin American Spanish extension module
2911675011	conjunto de referencias de idioma inglés de acuerdo con la ortografía de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (metadato fundacional)	es	descripción completa	Active	letras mayúsculas y minúsculas relevantes en todo el término (metadato del núcleo)	Latin American Spanish extension module
2911702016	inglés estadounidense	es	sinónimo (metadato del núcleo)	Active	uso de mayúsculas y minúsculas sin relevancia para la totalidad del término (metadato del núcleo)	Latin American Spanish extension module
900000000001115012	United States of America English language reference set	en	sinónimo (metadato del núcleo)	Active	letras mayúsculas y minúsculas relevantes en todo el término (metadato del núcleo)	módulo identificador para componentes del modelo de SNOMED CT (metadato del núcleo)
900000000001116013	US English	en	sinónimo (metadato del núcleo)	Active	letras mayúsculas y minúsculas relevantes en todo el término (metadato del núcleo)	módulo identificador para componentes del modelo de SNOMED CT (metadato del núcleo)
900000000001117016	United States of America English language reference set (foundation metadata concept)	en	descripción completa	Active	letras mayúsculas y minúsculas relevantes en todo el término (metadato del núcleo)	módulo identificador para componentes del modelo de SNOMED CT (metadato del núcleo)